Neem

Common Names:

• English: Neem, Indian Lilac, Margosa Tree
• Dutch: Neemboom, Indische Melia, Margosaboom

Binomial Name:

Azadirachta indica

Family:

Meliaceae (Mahogany family)

Used Plant Parts:

• Leaves – Used in extracts, powders, and pastes.
• Bark – Processed for medicinal and cosmetic applications.
• Seeds – Pressed to produce neem oil.
• Flowers – Occasionally used in traditional remedies.
• Fruits – Source of neem oil and extracts.
• Twigs – Traditionally used as natural toothbrushes.

Neem contains azadirachtin, which can repel over 200 different insect species, making it one of the most effective natural pesticides.

Fact 1 of 4

Origins, Distribution, and Habitat

Origin and Historical Background

Azadirachta indica, commonly known as neem, is native to the Indian subcontinent, where it has been revered for over 4,500 years. Ancient Sanskrit texts, including the Charaka Samhita (an early Ayurvedic medical text), describe neem as a “divine tree” with powerful medicinal properties. It has been called “Arista”, meaning “perfect, complete, and imperishable” in Sanskrit.

Neem trees were traditionally planted near temples, homes, and public spaces across India and Sri Lanka, where their shade, insect-repelling properties, and medicinal benefits made them invaluable. Neem was often used in Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha medicine for healing wounds, purifying the air, and promoting well-being.

Geographical Distribution

Although native to India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka, neem has spread across the tropics and subtropics, where it thrives in warm climates. Today, neem trees are widely cultivated in:

Asia

• India and Sri Lanka – The largest natural populations of neem exist in these countries.
• Pakistan and Bangladesh – Neem grows in rural areas and along roadsides.
• Southeast Asia (Thailand, Indonesia, Myanmar, Vietnam) – Introduced as a shade tree and pest-resistant crop protector.

Africa

• Neem was introduced to West and East Africa by Indian traders and colonial agricultural programs.
• It is widely grown in Nigeria, Sudan, Kenya, and Tanzania, particularly in semi-arid regions where few other trees survive.

Middle East

• Neem was planted in Saudi Arabia, Iran, and the UAE, where it is used in agriculture, landscaping, and traditional medicine.

South and Central America

• Introduced to Mexico, Brazil, and the Caribbean, neem is cultivated for organic farming and reforestation projects.

Australia and Pacific Islands

• Neem was planted in northern Australia as a windbreak and insect-repelling tree.
• Small populations exist in Papua New Guinea and Fiji.

Preferred Habitat and Growing Conditions

Neem is highly adaptable and thrives in diverse environments, particularly in hot, dry, and tropical climates.

• Temperature – Neem prefers temperatures between 25–40°C (77–104°F) but can tolerate up to 50°C (122°F).
• Soil Type – It grows well in sandy, loamy, or rocky soils and even nutrient-poor, arid land.
• Rainfall – Though drought-resistant, neem thrives in regions with 400–1,200 mm (16–47 inches) of annual rainfall.
• Sunlight – A full-sun species, neem requires at least 6–8 hours of direct sunlight per day.

Neem is often planted in deforested and degraded lands due to its ability to restore soil fertility and prevent erosion.

Ecological Role and Environmental Impact

Neem is considered an eco-friendly tree with several environmental benefits:

• Soil Protection – Its deep root system prevents soil erosion and improves soil structure.
• Air Purification – Neem trees absorb carbon dioxide (CO₂) and release oxygen at high rates.
• Pest Control – Its natural insect-repelling properties help protect crops, reducing reliance on chemical pesticides.
• Drought Resistance – Neem thrives in semi-arid regions, making it an important tree in reforestation projects.

Botanical Description:

Plant Structure and Growth Habit

Azadirachta indica, commonly known as neem, is a fast-growing, evergreen tree belonging to the Meliaceae (mahogany) family. It typically reaches heights of 12–15 meters (40–50 feet) but can grow up to 30 meters (100 feet) in ideal conditions. Neem has a spreading, rounded crown, often measuring 10–20 meters (30–65 feet) in diameter, providing extensive shade.

Neem trees can live for over 200 years, with mature trees developing a thick, deeply grooved bark that gives them a rugged appearance. They are highly drought-resistant and thrive in semi-arid and tropical climates.

Leaves and Foliage

Neem has distinctive compound leaves, meaning each leaf consists of multiple leaflets attached to a central stem.

• Leaf Structure – Pinnate (feather-like) with 8–19 serrated leaflets per leaf.
• Size – Each leaflet measures 3–8 cm (1.2–3 inches) long.
• Color – Young leaves are reddish to purplish but turn bright green as they mature.
• Texture – Slightly leathery, with a glossy upper surface and a dull underside.

Neem’s leaves are semi-evergreen, meaning they remain on the tree year-round in warm climates but may shed during extreme drought.

Flowers and Reproductive Features

Neem produces small, fragrant flowers that grow in branched clusters (panicles) along the stems.

• Color – Creamy white to pale yellow.
• Size – Each flower measures 5–6 mm (0.2 inches) in diameter.
• Shape – Star-like, with five narrow petals surrounding a central column.
• Scent – Sweet and mildly honey-like, attracting pollinators such as bees and butterflies.

Neem trees typically bloom once a year, with flowering peaking in spring or early summer.

Fruits and Seeds

After flowering, neem trees produce olive-like fruits, known as drupes, that contain a single seed.

• Size – 1.5–2.5 cm (0.6–1 inch) long.
• Color – Green when unripe, turning yellow or golden brown at maturity.
• Shape – Oval or oblong with a smooth outer skin.
• Texture – Fleshy, with a fibrous pulp surrounding the hard seed.

Inside each fruit is a single brown seed, which is the primary source of neem oil. Seeds contain high levels of azadirachtin, the plant’s most potent bioactive compound.

Root System and Adaptations

Neem trees develop a deep and extensive root system, making them highly adaptable to harsh environments.

• Taproot System – The primary root extends deep into the ground, allowing the tree to access underground water sources.
• Lateral Roots – Spread widely, helping stabilize soil and prevent erosion.

These adaptations enable neem to survive prolonged droughts, making it one of the most resilient trees in semi-arid regions.

Bark and Wood Characteristics

Neem’s bark is thick, rough, and deeply furrowed, giving mature trees a weathered, rugged appearance.

• Color – Dark gray to reddish-brown.
• Texture – Coarse, with deep vertical grooves.
• Wood Properties – Neem wood is strong, durable, and termite-resistant, making it valuable for furniture, tool handles, and construction.

Defensive Mechanisms

Neem has several natural adaptations that protect it from pests, harsh climates, and diseases:

• Bitter-tasting leaves and bark discourage herbivores from feeding on it.
• Azadirachtin (a natural insecticide) prevents insect infestations.
• Deep roots allow survival in nutrient-poor, dry soils.

A neem tree can grow up to 2.5 meters (8 feet) per year and live for over 200 years, thriving in harsh, drought-prone environments.

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Active Compounds

Azadirachta indica is a chemically complex tree containing over 100 bioactive compounds. These compounds play a crucial role in the plant’s defense mechanisms, ecological interactions, and resilience to harsh environments.

Neem’s unique biochemical profile includes limonoids, flavonoids, tannins, and essential oils, which contribute to its bitter taste, pest resistance, and environmental adaptability.

1. Azadirachtin – Neem’s Natural Insect Repellent

Azadirachtin is one of the most studied compounds in neem, classified as a limonoid (a bitter-tasting plant metabolite found in citrus and neem).

• Function – It acts as a natural insect growth regulator, preventing larvae from developing into mature insects.
• Location – Found in high concentrations in neem seeds and leaves.
• Bitter Taste – The compound gives neem its strong, pungent bitterness, which deters herbivores.

This compound is one of the reasons why neem is widely used in organic pest control and agriculture.

2. Nimbin and Nimbidin – Antimicrobial Agents

Nimbin and nimbidin are bioactive compounds found in neem bark and seeds, responsible for the plant’s antimicrobial properties.

• Nimbin – A bitter compound that contributes to neem’s ability to resist fungal infections.
• Nimbidin – A key component in neem oil, it has a strong odor that deters pests.
• Role in Plant Defense – These compounds help neem resist bacteria, fungi, and environmental stressors.

3. Limonoids – Bitter-Tasting Plant Metabolites

Neem contains over 20 different limonoids, which are highly concentrated in the seeds, leaves, and bark.

• Function – Limonoids play a role in repelling insects, fungi, and bacterial threats.
• Toxic to Pests – These compounds disrupt insect feeding and reproduction, protecting the tree from damage.
• Chemical Structure – Similar to compounds found in citrus fruits, but significantly more potent.

4. Tannins – Natural Astringents

Tannins are polyphenolic compounds (plant-based antioxidants) that contribute to neem’s bitter taste and resistance to decay.

• High Concentration – Present in bark, leaves, and unripe fruits.
• Protective Function – Tannins help neem withstand fungal infections and insect attacks.
• Water-Soluble Properties – When neem bark is soaked, it releases tannins into the water, which can darken the liquid.

5. Flavonoids – Pigments with Protective Properties

Neem leaves contain several flavonoids (natural plant pigments that act as antioxidants and defense molecules).

• Quercetin – Found in neem leaves, it helps protect against environmental stress such as UV radiation.
• Kaempferol – A flavonoid that enhances neem’s resistance to harsh climates.
• Role in Plant Adaptation – These flavonoids help neem survive in nutrient-poor and arid environments.

6. Essential Oils – Aromatic Volatile Compounds

Neem seeds and leaves produce a strong-smelling essential oil, which contains various terpenes (fragrant plant compounds).

• Main Components – Includes eugenol (clove-like scent) and limonene (citrus-like aroma).
• Ecological Role – The strong odor deters herbivores and certain insects.
• Oil Composition – Neem oil is thick, golden-brown, and has a pungent, sulfur-like smell due to its rich chemical composition.

7. Polysaccharides – Structural and Protective Sugars

Neem also contains polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates that help retain water and support plant growth).

Cell Wall Integrity – They contribute to leaf and bark resilience, making neem resistant to extreme weather.

Hydration Function – These compounds help the tree store moisture during dry seasons.

Uses in Traditional Medicine

For thousands of years, Azadirachta indica, commonly known as neem, has been deeply embedded in traditional healing practices across Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. In many cultures, neem was revered as a “tree of life” due to its wide-ranging applications in traditional medicine, personal care, and spiritual rituals.

While its primary use was in Indian Ayurvedic medicine, historical records show that neem’s medicinal benefits were recognized and adopted by Arab traders, African healers, and even Dutch apothecaries.

India: The Birthplace of Neem Medicine

Neem has been a cornerstone of Ayurvedic medicine for over 4,500 years, often referred to in Sanskrit texts as “Arista” (meaning “perfect and complete”).

Ayurvedic Applications

• Purification and Detoxification – Ancient Ayurvedic healers used neem to purify the blood, preparing infusions of neem leaves to eliminate toxins.
• Skin and Wound Healing – Neem pastes were applied to cuts, burns, and infections, accelerating healing and preventing inflammation.
• Fever and Malaria Protection – Neem leaf extracts were commonly boiled into bitter decoctions to reduce fevers and protect against seasonal diseases.
• Dental Hygiene – Twigs from the neem tree were chewed as natural toothbrushes, an early form of oral care practiced for centuries.

Neem’s use was deeply ingrained in daily life, with many Indian households keeping dried neem leaves in grain storage to repel insects and burning neem leaves to ward off evil spirits.

Traditional Uses in the Middle East and North Africa

Arab traders introduced neem to Persia (Iran) and North Africa, where it became a key plant in Islamic herbal medicine. Known as “Shajarat al-Hayat” (Tree of Life) in some Arabic texts, neem was used for:

• Cooling Fevers – Infusions of neem bark were used as a traditional antipyretic (fever-reducing) remedy.
• Protection Against Plague and Epidemics – During outbreaks, Middle Eastern physicians recommended hanging neem branches in homes and markets to prevent the spread of disease.
• Hair and Scalp Treatments – Neem oil was massaged into the scalp to prevent lice infestations and maintain hair health.

Neem was also traded along the Silk Road, reaching Turkey and Mediterranean regions, where it was valued for its pest-repelling properties.

Africa: A Natural Healer in Herbal Medicine

Neem was introduced to West and East Africa via Indian traders and colonial agricultural programs, where it quickly became a staple in traditional medicine. In African herbalism, neem was commonly used for:

• Malaria Prevention – Neem leaves were steeped in water and drunk as a bitter tea to help reduce mosquito-related diseases.
• Skin Ailments and Insect Bites – Crushed neem leaves were applied to rashes, boils, and wounds to speed up healing.
• Livestock Protection – African farmers used neem leaves and bark to repel ticks and fleas from cattle and goats.

The tree’s ability to thrive in arid conditions made it particularly valuable in regions like Sudan, Nigeria, and Kenya, where few other medicinal plants could survive.

Neem in Early European Herbalism (Including the Netherlands)

Neem was introduced to Europe in the 17th century, primarily through Dutch and British traders who encountered it in India and Indonesia. While not widely used in Western herbal medicine, it appeared in early Dutch apothecary records.

Dutch Influence and Use in Trade

• Neem Oil as an Exotic Commodity – Dutch spice traders transported neem oil to Europe, where it was occasionally used in aromatic ointments.
• Botanical Studies – Dutch colonial botanists documented neem in Javanese and Indian medicinal practices, though it was not cultivated in the Netherlands due to its tropical growing conditions.
• Limited Apothecary Use – Some 17th-century Dutch apothecaries carried dried neem bark, though it was considered a rare and foreign remedy.

Unlike in Asia and Africa, neem never gained widespread popularity in Dutch folk medicine, as European herbalists favored native plants for similar medicinal purposes.

Other Traditional Uses Across the World

Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Thailand, Myanmar)

Neem became integrated into Southeast Asian traditional medicine, where it was:

• Used as a natural mosquito repellent in homes.
• Applied in herbal treatments for digestive issues and stomach ailments.
• Planted around temples and homes for spiritual protection.

Caribbean and South America

Neem was introduced to the Caribbean and parts of South America by Indian laborers in the 19th century. In places like Trinidad and Guyana, neem became a common:

• Folk remedy for fevers and infections.
• Shade tree in tropical plantations, protecting crops from excessive sun.

Neem has been used in Ayurvedic medicine for over 4,500 years, with ancient texts referring to it as “The Village Pharmacy.”

Fact 3 of 4

Evidence-Based Medical Applications

1. Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties

Extracts of Azadirachta indica demonstrate broad-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal effects.

Studies[1] show that neem extracts inhibit Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans (Polaquini et al., 2006). Neem’s active compounds, such as azadirachtin, disrupt bacterial cell walls and fungal biofilm formation, reducing microbial adhesion to surfaces.

2. Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects

Research[2] highlights neem’s strong anti-inflammatory properties, attributed to bioactive compounds like nimbidin and quercetin. These compounds suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6, mitigating inflammation in conditions like arthritis and skin disorders (Haji et al., 2023).

3. Hypoglycemic and Antidiabetic Properties

Clinical trials[3] suggest neem leaf extracts lower blood glucose levels and improve insulin sensitivity in diabetic animal models. Azadirachta indica mimics insulin’s action by promoting glucose uptake in cells and enhancing glycogen synthesis in the liver (Adekunle et al., 2016).

4. Hepatoprotective Activity

Neem leaf extracts protect the liver from toxin-induced damage. In rodent studies[4], methanolic and aqueous extracts reduced liver enzyme levels, indicating improved hepatic function. The hepatoprotective effects are linked to neem’s ability to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation in liver tissues (Jivani & Mahila, 2010).

5. Antiulcer and Gastroprotective Effects

Neem extract significantly inhibits gastric ulcer formation by reducing acid secretion and increasing gastric mucus production. In an animal study, a dose of 800 mg/kg provided complete cytoprotection against ulcer-inducing agents (Raji et al., 2004).

6. Immunomodulatory Effects

Neem has been shown[5] to enhance immune responses in animal models. The aqueous stem bark extract increased antibody production in mice, suggesting a role in immunostimulation (Njiro & Kofi-Tsekpo, 1999).

7. Contraceptive and Antifertility Activity

Neem seed and leaf extracts exhibit reversible contraceptive effects without affecting libido. Studies[6] report antifertility, antispermatogenic, and antiovulation properties in animal models, supporting neem’s potential as a non-hormonal contraceptive (Patil et al., 2021).

8. Antinociceptive and Analgesic Properties

Neem extract reduces pain perception in animal studies[7] by modulating opioid and noradrenaline pathways. This analgesic effect is dose-dependent and reversible (Khanna et al., 1995).

Applications Requiring Further Research

1. Anticancer Activity

Preliminary research suggests neem-derived compounds may induce apoptosis in cancer cells. Studies[8] indicate that azadirachtin and nimbolide interfere with tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis, although human trials are needed (Haji et al., 2023).

2. Antimalarial Potential

Neem extracts exhibit[9] antimalarial properties by increasing oxidative stress in Plasmodium parasites. The bioactive flavonoids quercetin and rutin may contribute to these effects, but clinical validation is required (Iwu et al., 1986).

3. Antihyperuricemic Activity

Neem leaf extract demonstrates potential in lowering blood uric acid levels. It inhibits xanthine oxidase, an enzyme responsible for uric acid production, making it a candidate for gout management (Suwandi et al., 2021).

4. Antibacterial Synergism with Antibiotics

Neem enhances the effectiveness of conventional antibiotics against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Studies[10] suggest neem extract modulates antibiotic activity through bioactive flavonoids and alkaloids, although further research is necessary (Cristo et al., 2016).

5. Neuroprotective and Antianxiety Effects

Animal studies[11] indicate neem stem bark extract possesses anxiolytic properties. It modulates neurotransmitter levels in the brain, suggesting a role in treating anxiety-related disorders (Gite et al., 2024).

Recommended Dosage

Dosage for Adults

Neem Leaf Extract: Studies[12] suggest an effective dose of 300-500 mg/day for general health benefits, including immune support and anti-inflammatory effects (Adekunle et al., 2016). Clinical trials[13] have shown that neem leaf capsules taken twice daily for 12 weeks significantly reduced blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetic patients (Cristo et al., 2016).

Neem Oil: When used topically, a concentration of 1-2% is generally considered[14] safe for skin applications. However, ingestion should be avoided due to potential hepatotoxicity (Jivani & Mahila, 2010).

Neem Bark Powder: Traditional use recommends 1-3 grams per day, but standardized clinical research is limited. This dosage has been explored for its immunostimulatory effects in controlled studies (Njiro & Kofi-Tsekpo, 1999).

Neem Tea: 1-2 teaspoons (5-10 grams) of dried neem leaves steeped in hot water for 5-10 minutes is commonly used for antimicrobial and digestive benefits. However, long-term use should be monitored[15] due to potential reproductive toxicity (Patil et al., 2021).

Dosage for Children

Neem Leaf Extract: For children aged 5-12 years, studies[16] suggest a reduced dose of 100-200 mg/day for mild infections or as an adjunct treatment for fever (Polaquini et al., 2006). Higher doses should only be administered under medical supervision.

Neem Oil: Due to potential neurotoxicity in infants, neem oil should not be used orally in children. Topical application at 0.5-1% dilution is considered[17] safe for treating minor skin conditions such as eczema and insect bites (Haji et al., 2023).

Neem Bark Decoction: Pediatric studies[18] recommend 50-100 mg/kg body weight per day in divided doses for short-term use in cases of bacterial infections (Iwu et al., 1986).

Neem Mouthwash: A 5% neem extract solution is effective[19] and safe for children above 6 years for oral hygiene, particularly in cases of gingivitis (Khanna et al., 1995).

Potential Side Effects

While Azadirachta indica (neem) has been widely used in traditional medicine for centuries, it is not free from potential side effects and drug interactions.

Certain compounds in neem, particularly azadirachtin, nimbin, and tannins, can impact metabolism, immune function, and blood circulation, leading to adverse effects in some individuals. Below is a detailed analysis of neem’s possible side effects and interactions with medications.

1. Liver Toxicity with Excessive Use

Neem contains limonoids and bitter alkaloids, which in high doses can overload the liver’s detoxification pathways. Long-term or excessive use of neem oil, especially in concentrated extracts, may cause:

• Elevated liver enzymes, indicating liver stress.
• Fatigue and jaundice-like symptoms due to impaired liver function.
• Hepatotoxicity (liver toxicity) in individuals with pre-existing liver conditions.

2. Effects on Blood Sugar Levels (Hypoglycemia Risk)

Neem has been shown to lower blood sugar levels, which may be beneficial in some cases but risky for individuals prone to hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). Symptoms may include:

• Dizziness and confusion.
• Sweating and shakiness.
• Fainting or extreme fatigue after neem consumption.

3. Infertility and Hormonal Disruptions

Certain compounds in neem, such as quercetin and nimbidin, have been linked to temporary reductions in fertility in both men and women. Studies suggest that:

• Neem may reduce sperm motility and count when consumed in high amounts over time.
• Some traditional practices used neem as a contraceptive agent, indicating potential disruptions in reproductive hormones.
• It may interfere with menstrual cycles, causing irregularities in sensitive individuals.

4. Risk of Allergic Reactions

Neem contains volatile oils and tannins, which may cause allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. Symptoms can include:

• Skin rashes, itching, or redness after topical application.
• Respiratory issues (such as wheezing or shortness of breath) in those allergic to neem pollen.
• Eye irritation if neem-based products come into direct contact with the eyes.

5. Gastrointestinal Discomfort

Neem’s bitter compounds (such as limonoids and tannins) can be harsh on the digestive system, especially when consumed in large amounts. Possible symptoms include:

• Nausea or vomiting, particularly after consuming neem oil.
• Diarrhea or stomach cramps due to its strong purgative (cleansing) effects.
• Loss of appetite when neem is taken in excessive doses.

6. Neurological Effects in Children (Neem Toxicity Risk)

Neem oil has been associated with severe toxicity in infants and young children when ingested in large doses. Cases of neem oil poisoning in children have resulted in:

• Seizures and muscle tremors.
• Drowsiness or unconsciousness.
• Severe vomiting and metabolic acidosis (dangerous blood acidity imbalance).

Because of these risks, neem oil is not recommended for children under 2 years old.

Drug Interactions

1. Interaction with Diabetes Medications

Neem’s ability to lower blood sugar can interfere with medications used for diabetes management. Possible interactions include:

• Metformin, Insulin, and Sulfonylureas (Glipizide, Glyburide, etc.) – Neem may enhance their effects, increasing the risk of hypoglycemia (dangerously low blood sugar levels).
• Symptoms to Monitor – Weakness, dizziness, sweating, confusion, and shaking.

2. Blood Pressure Medications (Hypotension Risk)

Neem has vasodilatory properties (it widens blood vessels), which can lead to lowered blood pressure. This may interfere with:

• Antihypertensive drugs (Amlodipine, Lisinopril, Losartan, etc.) – Neem can enhance their effects, potentially leading to hypotension (low blood pressure), dizziness, and fainting.

3. Anticoagulants and Blood Thinners

Neem has mild blood-thinning properties, which can interact with:

• Warfarin (Coumadin), Aspirin, Heparin, and Clopidogrel (Plavix) – Neem may increase bleeding risk, especially in individuals with clotting disorders.
• Symptoms to Watch For – Easy bruising, prolonged bleeding, and nosebleeds.

4. Immunosuppressants (Weakened Immune Response Interaction)

Neem is known to stimulate the immune system, which can counteract the effects of immunosuppressive drugs such as:

• Cyclosporine – Used to prevent organ transplant rejection.
• Corticosteroids (Prednisone, Dexamethasone, etc.) – Neem may reduce their effectiveness, leading to an overactive immune response.

5. Fertility Medications and Hormone Therapies

Neem’s effect on reproductive hormones may interfere with:

• Fertility treatments (Clomid, Gonadotropins, etc.) – Neem may reduce sperm count and ovulation, making conception more difficult.
• Birth control pills – Some traditional practices suggest neem has mild contraceptive properties, potentially reducing the effectiveness of hormonal contraceptives.

6. Interaction with Liver Metabolism (CYP Enzyme Interference)

Neem is metabolized in the liver by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, meaning it may affect the breakdown of certain drugs, including:

• Statins (Cholesterol medications like Atorvastatin, Simvastatin) – Neem may alter their absorption and effectiveness.
• Certain antibiotics (Rifampin, Erythromycin) – Neem may slow down or speed up their metabolism, affecting dosage requirements.

It takes approximately 2,000 neem seeds to produce just 1 liter of neem oil, which is widely used for agriculture, skincare, and traditional remedies.

Fact 4 of 4

Bibliography